ALTHOUGH the announcement of the start of the Covid-19 vaccination programme is welcome news, there is a concern that the vaccine roll-out may have very little effect on economic growth or produce a speedy end to restrictions holding back business recovery.
The main concern from an economic perspective is that the first phase targets frontliners but this group of 500,000 people are not in the engine-room of the economy. The second phase beginning in April is targeted at the elderly and other vulnerable groups but these are also not economically active.
The third phase affecting all adults, including foreign workers who are key contributors to the economy, will only begin in May and run very slowly through to February 2022. So this will not reduce the problem among the economically active population quickly and we can expect extended restrictions for many months which are already taking their toll on 2021 growth prospects.
Nonetheless, a structured plan for vaccinations does provide an opportunity for the government to decouple health policy from economic policy and address the impending economic problems that will hit in the next weeks and months.
Although the economy contracted by 5.6% overall last year there were some signs of good news in the second half of 2020.
After the rebound in the third quarter, there was continued improvement in the fourth, with private consumption rising 0.8% from the previous quarter, investment rising 5.2%, exports higher by 2.2% and imports 4.7%. All of these quarterly changes suggest that the government stimulus packages may have begun to boost economic activity.
There was also good news in the inventory cycle with companies having low stock due to a fall by RM5.9 billion in the fourth quarter following a similar cut of RM5.1 billion in the third. At the start of the crisis, companies had increased stocks involuntarily by RM6.6 billion in the second quarter of 2020 due to poor demand.
These green-shoots of recovery have withered in the sunlight because less than two weeks into the new year, Malaysians faced a second movement control order (MCO 2.0) from Jan 13 and a State of Emergency set to run until Aug 1. This has the effect of pushing the recovery phase, which had started in the third quarter, into the future by many months and taking a significant toll on the gross domestic product. (GDP).
MCO 2.0 has been much more liberal than previous restrictions, and according to government estimates the impact is less severe, costing RM700 million per day compared with RM2.6 billion for the last MCO. Nonetheless, the cost so far from Jan 13 to Feb 18 and extended to March 4 in the main economically active states will be RM35 billion, which we estimate is equivalent to 2.5% of GDP.
Not only would this cut the national official growth forecast for Malaysia from 6.5-7.5% to 4.0-5.0% for 2021 but would also seriously deplete private sector savings, which pose a significant risk to recovery and signals structural changes in private sector balance sheets.
The RM15 billion Permai stimulus package will not cover the losses due to MCO 2.0. It is not new money but is reallocated from the RM322 billion 2021 Budget already announced. It will also take some time to feed into the economy because it is spread across 22 programme themes and not, as would have been more sensible, a direct cash transfer into the hands of consumers.
To provide this direct cash to people in need, the EPF i-Sinar withdrawals will be crucial. Around RM24.5 billion worth of withdrawals is already confirmed and possibly RM12.9 billion more from applications still to be approved. This is RM37.4 billion overall, which is almost the same as the RM38 billion “Covid-19 Fund” in 2020.
This will pump into the economy quite quickly a confirmed RM13 billion and possibly RM6.6 billion to be approved. A further RM17.8 billion will be made available later in the year. So the big stimulus is not a government stimulus it is a “rakyat stimulus” more like “kita-jaga-kita” or “we take care of ourselves.”
The big problem is that at the end of the process, literally millions of Malaysians will find themselves with RM100 pension funds. Around 42% of EPF contributors or more than six million people, had less than RM5,000 in their accounts according to Finance Minister Tengku Datuk Seri Zafrul Abdul Aziz, with 32% of that group having less than RM1,000.
So far the average withdrawal under i-Sinar is 80% of the maximum amount for those with less than RM100,000, which is 10.4 million people or 78% of EPF contributors. The i-Lestari withdrawals are likely to have emptied the accounts of many eligible EPF members before i-Sinar began.
In addition to RM100 pension funds, many will also face mounting debt, very slow economic recovery and ongoing labour market problems with lower wages, fewer jobs and greater competition from new workers entering the labour force.
This is likely to happen by the middle of the year and so we are in a “survival trap” now where people are literally living on their last resources which are quickly being depleted.
This is an issue that must be addressed now rather than waiting for the inevitable to happen.
Dr Paolo Casadio, is an economist at HELP University and Professor Geoffrey Williams is an economist at Malaysia University of Science and Technology. Comments: letters@thesundaily.com
